Damnatio memoriae is not actually an idiom used on an individual scale. The practice of the ancient world is the eradication of all kinds of worldly traces of the people who hate the people, who have suffered, who are cruel or sometimes trying to make radical changes in the general acceptances and traditions as if they have never lived. In other words, the remembrance of them, everything that reminds them of the curse and destruction.It’s kind of punishment. It is perhaps the instinctual threat that man’s desire to exist forever is the opposite. As soon as he dies, don’t destroy his tracks.The earliest known practice of this, though Latin, is the treatment of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton (also called Akhenaten). Pharaoh Akhenaton, who belonged to the 18th dynasty and ruled between 1353-1336 BC, tried to transform the religion of Ancient Egypt, which was composed of many gods, into a monotheistic religion with a radical intervention.

Board IV. After 5 years as Amenhotep, the pharaoh changed his name to Akhenaton (Akhenaton = Basaran for Aton / Servant of Aton). This is the first known monotheistic religion in world history.

Well, given the current situation, it would not be wrong to say that Akhenaton is quite far-sighted. In fact, the sun and the disk of the sun, symbolizing the only God Aton, resemble the monotheistic cult that soon emerged in Rome as the sun god Helios. There are even allegations that Christianity emerged from this trend. In fact, Sigmund Freud, in his 1939 book “Moses and Monotheism, eder claims that Moses, as the source of Judaism, was actually an Egyptian who tried to revive the monotheistic religion after Akhenaton, and was thus expelled from Egypt. In fact, such a look of damnation memoriaeIt is also possible to say that the effect of a person who has suffered from the memory of the world in the history of the world, almost everything in his memory.

Off very odd.

Akhenaton does not limit his reforms to religion, but attempts to make some political reforms, as can be seen from the fact that the country moved its capital from Thebes to Amarna.

Although he devoted his remaining 12 years to the throne in his struggle to adopt his reforms, he cannot be said to be successful. Because it was later called “heretic pharaoh ve and after his death, polytheistic religion reigned in Egypt. Akhenaton was cursed and the names, sculptures and reliefs of all inscriptions were engraved and removed. The Egyptians do not know what they said in this process but after hundreds of years it was the name damnatio memoriae in Rome  .

His son was named Tutankhaten when he was born, but after his father was succeeded to the throne his name was changed to Tutankhamon. The capital moved back to its original place and the cults of all gods were released. Especially after Tutankhamon, Ay and Horemheb, who ascended the throne, scraped all the copies of Akhenaton from the structures he built, and took his name from all records. For this reason, a pharaoh called Akhenaton was not known until the city of Amarna was discovered in the 19th century. But no matter how much they try to destroy it, today Akhenaton is one of the most well-known pharaohs in Egypt, and as I said above, his memory has gone deeper than we thought.

Although the statement is in Latin, before Rome, in the Hellenistic world, there were those who visited Damnatio memoriae without being called so . For example, the rulers of Ephesus, the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world, according to rumors “for the name of history” burned Herostratus’un prohibited the mention of the name again. However, it is still a character whose name is always mentioned in the history of the temple today. In other words, Herostratus has achieved what he wants, but he is not well understood.

In Rome, damnatio memoriae was a  common punishment imposed by the decision of the senate. If the Senate was convinced that an emperor or a statesman in a different position was a traitor or an enemy of the state, he could decide to erase the person from history as if he had never lived. Though it is usually the emperors ‘ damnatio memoriae . I don’t know if they’ve always been punished, or because theirs have survived to this day.

 Examples of inscriptions with Damnatio memoriae (Source: web7-web8):

As is known, the Roman Empire was established as a modest kingdom. However, the republican administration was then adopted, the power was divided among the assemblies and a system was set up for appointing officials, consuls every year, to implement the decisions of these assemblies. As a result of many developments BC. In the 1st century, the regime was changed and the empire was dominated by a single person. After this date, the empire had a very turbulent life, and sometimes good, well-equipped and beloved empires such as the first emperor Augustus or Trajanus experienced positive developments. out of control.damnatio memoriae decision was issued. But it’s not fair to say that it always works like this. Sometimes an emperor could only make a damnatio memoriae decision for the emperor who preceded him for political reasons .

The first damnatio memoriae was issued for Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (12-41 BC), known as the Emperor Caligula, a very very troubled friend, after being killed by his own guards. Caligula, who remained in power for 4 years between 37-41 AD, was able to win the hatred of almost everyone with his immorality, cruelty, extravagance and other oddities. However, his uncle Claudius (Emperor Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (10-54 BC)), who succeeded him to the throne, prevented this from being imposed. Well, a relative.

Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (54-68 AD), another troubled nephew of Claudius of the same dynasty, was also a troubled friend. Aside from the controversy that didn’t burn Rome, this friend also went down in history with sexual problems, atrocities, and unstable behavior (probably because he didn’t, but he wasn’t too keen to put it out). Like Caligula, he was one of Rome’s most hated emperors.Although Nero is declared an enemy of the state after his death, it is unclear whether he was given a damnatio memoriae or not, but a glorious funeral would reduce this possibility.

Another damnatio memoriae was the emperor Domitian. This friend of the Flavius ​​Dynasty, whose full name was Titus Flavius ​​Domitianus (51-96 AD), also recorded his problems with the fly. Domitian, who does not understand the economy, caused the people to be crushed under heavy taxes and was stabbed to death. Marcus Cocceisus Nerva (30-98) was replaced by the senate, and he was given a damnatio memoriae . Therefore, it was decided to erase his name from all public records and the head of many Domitian statues or paintings was replaced with that of his successor Nerva.

Another distressed friend was the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (161-192), known as Commodus. In addition to many unstable behaviors, Commodus had a very humiliating hobby for the emperors, such as going down to the arena and fighting gladiators. Although not exactly overlapping, the villain in the famous Gladiator is based on Commodus. But again, the real Commodus era does not exactly match the fiction in the Gladiator movie. The main boy in the film, Maxim Crowe’s portrayal of the character of Maximus has no place in history. unlike.

Commodus was so out of the ordinary that he changed the names of the moon and even changed the name of the capital Rome to Colomia Commodiana in the meaning of od Commodus Colony ”.

Anyway, this friend, like most incompetent emperors, was strangled in his own bath by the wrestler Narcissus, who was sent by his cousin, who was also his mistress, when he ruined the economy. What a glorious end…Upon his death, the senate imposed damnatio memoriae on Commodus , and the changes Commodus made during his life were revoked. At first, the capital’s name was changed to Rome again.

Of course, sometimes things can turn around. For example, Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor from 193 to 211, returned his reputation to Commodus in 195 to prove his ties to the Marcus Aurelius family and made him sanctified by the senate. So this is probably something like onur honoring his memory again şey.

Another damnatio was Roman Geta, who stopped by memoriae . Septimius Geta (189-211) was a member of Septimius Severius and his brother Caracalla. When Severius died in 211, Geta declared joint reigns with his brother Caracalla. Caracalla, who won the struggle for power after a while, killed his brother Geta’yı and applied him damnatio memoriae .

Or, some governments ‘ policies applied to their predecessors can be interpreted as updated states of damnatio memoriae .

It is a fact that as communication opportunities increase, it becomes more and more difficult to erase people’s traces. In fact, it is not far from the fact that the person who tried to erase the trace will become more visible in history after a while.Damnatio memoriae ‘ re reminds me of this film should not be mentioned:RESOURCESweb1:  http://images6.fanpop.com/image/photos/37400000/Akhenaten-and-Nefertiti-with-their-Kids-
web2:  www.ancient.euweb3:  https://listelist.com/caligula-kimdir/web4:  https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/8556836/emperor-nero-3d-bust-caesar/
web5:  https://truttafario.com/2012/03/29/domiciano/domiciano-2/
web6:
vikipedia web7:  http://blog.delphinhotel.com/damnatio-memoriae-memory-fucking/web8
: Ancient History Encyclopedia  www.ancient.eu/amp/1-12688/

Aspendos is actually a highly developed city of Pamphilia. It is a city in the series of cities, which are competing with each other and are mainly Termessos, Perge, Sillyon, Side, Selge. Located near Köprüçay – Antique Eurymedon – one of the largest rivers in the region, the city used this river for its daily and agricultural activities as well as a waterway to the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, it was able to be both at a safe distance from the sea and to trade in sea. Sea was very important in the ancient world. The most important advantage was undoubtedly the ease of trade by sea. However, being very close to the sea made the cities especially vulnerable to the sudden attacks of pirates or enemy fleets. 

40 km from Antalya. east and 16 km from the sea. According to the Greek tradition of the ancient city inside, it was rumored that it was founded by the colonists of Argos led by Mopsos in 1,000 BC. Archaeologists have found remains dating back to around 800 BC and the Hittites. But before the Greeks came, there was probably a local, resident population in Aspendos. With the arrival of the Greeks, the settlement must have developed and acquired a city character. From coins we learned that Aspendos was known as “Estwediya larda in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. This naming is associated with King Asitawada mentioned in the Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions in Karatepe, near Adana (web1).

The most important sources of income of the city in the ancient period are imported salt, olive oil and wool. In addition, horses raised in this city are said to be very famous in ancient times. Before visiting the city, let us tell the story that inspired the title of the article. The king of the city of Aspendos (the spin begins here. What king in the 2nd century AD?) Or his ruler, whatever it is, had a daughter who was a legendary beauty. Naturally, she’s a lot of suitor. To marry the king’s daughter, to choose the most appropriate among the suitors, he said, “Whoever does the most useful work to our city and our people, I will give my daughter to him. Sonra After this challenge, there must have been a lot of suitor, but perhaps the most ambitious or perhaps the finals. Some people claim that these two people are twins.

One of the twins brought drinking water to the city by building canals and aqueducts from distant sources. At that time, the biggest need of cities was undoubtedly clean water. Clean water was of great importance for both drinking and agriculture, but perhaps more importantly for hygiene. One of the most feared at that time was epidemic diseases, especially plague. When you think like this, the importance of aqueducts is immediately understood. 

The king, “the man brought water to the city brother, what more can you do, ” he was about to give his daughter to this young man, let’s look at the other brother’s theater for the city so that it is not a shame. The theater built by the architect Zenon is also very impressive. But just as the king decided to give the girl to the architect of the aqueducts, Zenon on the stage as he wandered the area with the top vaults, almost sighing whispering, “Oh, I wish the king would give me his daughter.” Despite the distance, the King clearly heard this sigh and changed his mind, seeing that the theater had a great acoustics. Rather, he decided that the two works were of extraordinary quality and concluded: divide the girl in half and give both architects a half. 

Yes, it is a ridiculous proposal as much as possible, but it leads to such a situation; Zenon does not accept this proposal and says that she will accept her opponent’s marriage rather than divide the girl in two. The king, who agreed to marry his opponent rather than the death of his daughter Zenon’un convinced that the daughter really loved and decided to marry him. So in one piece.

Of course there are a lot of questions in this fairy tale. As a historian, I put aside its accuracy and error, eh said, this is a fairy tale. In fact, there are also timbre reminders of 1001 night tales. I feel like we’il find a very similar tale there. Anyway, what’s on my mind, what does the architect who made the aqueduct say? He has no say. I don’t think he said, “Okay, give me the exact half.” And the more difficult question is, “ are you mine or the land of the earth bir shows greater love or sen if you don’t love like love, love me like a brother tır is a greater love?

Difficult question. Of course, no one should kill anyone that separate, in love with someone else at the bottom of your nose to live a happy life with someone else can you consent? Or vice versa, what can you do for the sake of your love? As the answer to this question comes the most supreme things to everyone. Can you do the meanest, mean things? Do you glorify yourself or degrade your evidence, in fact your love? I think there was a sub-theme in the film Ashkiya. Where are we? These are grueling subjects, let’s visit the beautiful Aspendos again. Incidentally, the ancient theater and aqueducts of Aspendos were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Temporary List in 2015. I do not know whether UNESCO took the two works together considering the story of the king’s daughter.

Today we start to visit the city from the parking lot in front of the magnificent ancient theater. Surely this was not the case in time. We entered the city after passing through the necropolis, the cemeteries, being thoroughly interrogated at one of the gates of the walls, and probably washed in a nearby bath. But today we are far from these experiences. Our trip starts with theater.

Theater 
Aspendos theater is one of the biggest theaters in Anatolia. However, as well as the size of the day to remain in good condition increases its impressiveness. Like the Perge theater in the immediate vicinity, this theater seems to withstand the time better than the theaters in the Aegean. I shared my historical and geographical thoughts about the conservation status of the Aegean-Mediterranean cities in another article, I think, in Perge. The reason for this can be summarized as less earthquakes and being built with better technology. Some sources claim that this theater is the best Roman theater out of Italy.

Theater of 15.000-20.000 people, the son of Theodoros architect Zenon by MS. It was built around 155 in the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (known as the philosopher emperor). It is understood that the theater was built by two rich brothers from the Greek and Latin inscriptions Curtius Crispinus and Curtius Auspicatus. Of course, I don’t know what will happen to our fairy tale in this case . These passages open to the orchestra area and the stairs lead to the seating areas.

The stage building is quite majestic. If you imagine the stage that reaches to the height of the cavea with its original marble cladding, sculptures and reliefs, you realize that you are facing a great structure.

When this happens, it is not enough to satisfy you. He has to satisfy his employer, too? This is a matter of deep debate. I’m not so sure about the answer. Regardless, if you can’t satisfy your employer today you probably won’t get another job from the same employer. But in history this can be more risky. Especially if there is dissatisfaction of monarchs with tremendous power…

Fatih Sultan Mehmet is a good example in this regard. Let’s start by denying a city myth, then let’s see a real example of Fatih being a hard-to-appreciate person in terms of architecture.

When it comes to history, often on the Internet, often false or exaggerated content spreads more quickly than reasonable and substantive information. People are more willing to read and spread extreme examples, great tragedies or miracles. The reason why this is so must be the field of socio-psychology. In the field of architecture, this situation is mostly found in the fabricated contents attributed to Mimar Sinan. It is not enough for him to be a good architect for us to appreciate him, or to honor him most of the time. Only then can Sinan satisfy us.

Yaaa, look… We took the architect from his employer’s satisfaction and connected him to the satisfaction of society. Here’s another deep topic.

Anyway, I didn’t extend it, in one of the last articles I mentioned the absurd content that was invented about Mimar Sinan. You can find the link at the end of the article.The subject of this article is Fatih Sultan Mehmet. According to the content circulating on the internet, Fatih is punishing the architect of the complex (Architect Atik Sinan), which he ordered to build right after conquering Istanbul. Some say he cut off his hands, others say his head. There are various rumors about why he punished. Some say that the dome or height of the mosque cannot exceed Hagia Sophia, while others say it shortens the columns of the mosque. In fact, a friend who recently died in the costume of Maras ice cream parlor takes a story that tells the video on the internet. I don’t give you the link, let him watch it up.Evliya Çelebi is the source of this story… Evliya Çelebi talks about this event in her travel book and tells the story of a woman trying Fatih in a fictional court. This story, which seems quite contrary to the realities of the period, cannot be confirmed by any document as I said. Considering that Evliya Çelebi lived some 150 years after Atik Sinan and narrated some rumors or rumors among the people in his travel book, this narrative is likely to be a city legend that has existed since the 17th century.Sometimes it is said that this legend stems from the expression on the tombstone. The tombstone is written in today’s Turkish:” Honored to receive forgiveness from God and the grace of Mimar Sinan, the twenty-seventh day of the first rap month in the 876 years from the mortal world (13 September 1471), after the night of evening prayers Thursday, Friday, was killed in a dark prison in the sea, emigrated to the immortal world. God bless him from the grave and the grief of hell web web (web1)

Although the architect shows that he was punished for a reason, it is hard to say that this is related to Fatih Mosque. Some even argue that this punishment was not an architectural matter, but for embezzlement. Again, there is no document. In summary, there is no evidence, documents etc. that are reliable in this direction. no. Of course, in the case of historical events, it is not always true that there is absolutely no document, but it is not possible for the document of such an important event not to be archived. I think it is disrespectful to remember Architect Atik Sinan like this. However, there is no possibility of disliking the mosque of the complex built by Fatih on his behalf. Because the palace issue I will mention below shows that this friend has a somewhat difficult structure.In the meantime, it should be noted that the Mosque of Fatih Complex is not the original mosque built by Architect Atik Sinan. The original mosque was destroyed in the 1766 earthquake and then rebuilt in a different architecture.

As for the palace issue…

The third and last capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (Bursa-Edirne-Istanbul, Söğüt, not capital, rather than the center of the principalities) probably has magnificent palaces. In fact, previous cities arouse curiosity about this. For example, how and where was the palace in Bursa? I don’t think there’s any trace of this palace. I need to look at it sometime. I remember that the palace in Edirne was also largely destroyed. Detailed information about this palace is available from Kuban, 2007.

What is interesting is that we could not preserve almost any of the state’s most magnificent structures. It’s worth thinking about.

Anyway, when we come to Istanbul, the situation seems a little better. If we go back from recent history, there are many 19th century palaces which became the residence of the sultans and the administrative center of the state, but especially the Dolmabahçe Palace is still standing. Topkapi Palace, which was the center of the state for 4 centuries before Dolmabahce, still stands as the representative of a different kind of palace structure with its magnificent splendor. Many people think that this palace is the first palace in Istanbul, but even in the Ottoman Empire, but of course not. Of course, the Ottoman Empire had old palaces in Bursa and Edirne. As mentioned above, unfortunately, these palaces have not survived. Was there an Ottoman palace in Istanbul before the Topkapi Palace?

There was, of course.

Where was this “Old Palace” and what did it look like?According to sources, the Forum was built in the Tauri in the Byzantine period.The Forum Tauri (Taurus Forum) is one of the squares on the “Mese çık, the main street of the Byzantine capital, which leads from the palace to the west. Its present location falls between the gate of Istanbul University, Bayezid Mosque and Süleymaniye Complex. 

Although the architect shows that he was punished for a reason, it is hard to say that this is related to Fatih Mosque. Some even argue that this punishment was not an architectural matter, but for embezzlement. Again, there is no document. In summary, there is no evidence, documents etc. that are reliable in this direction. no. Of course, in the case of historical events, it is not always true that there is absolutely no document, but it is not possible for the document of such an important event not to be archived. I think it is disrespectful to remember Architect Atik Sinan like this. However, there is no possibility of disliking the mosque of the complex built by Fatih on his behalf. Because the palace issue I will mention below shows that this friend has a somewhat difficult structure.In the meantime, it should be noted that the Mosque of Fatih Complex is not the original mosque built by Architect Atik Sinan. The original mosque was destroyed in the 1766 earthquake and then rebuilt in a different architecture.

As for the palace issue…

The third and last capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (Bursa-Edirne-Istanbul, Söğüt, not capital, rather than the center of the principalities) probably has magnificent palaces. In fact, previous cities arouse curiosity about this. For example, how and where was the palace in Bursa? I don’t think there’s any trace of this palace. I need to look at it sometime. I remember that the palace in Edirne was also largely destroyed. Detailed information about this palace is available from Kuban, 2007.

What is interesting is that we could not preserve almost any of the state’s most magnificent structures. It’s worth thinking about.

Anyway, when we come to Istanbul, the situation seems a little better. If we go back from recent history, there are many 19th century palaces which became the residence of the sultans and the administrative center of the state, but especially the Dolmabahçe Palace is still standing. Topkapi Palace, which was the center of the state for 4 centuries before Dolmabahce, still stands as the representative of a different kind of palace structure with its magnificent splendor. Many people think that this palace is the first palace in Istanbul, but even in the Ottoman Empire, but of course not. Of course, the Ottoman Empire had old palaces in Bursa and Edirne. As mentioned above, unfortunately, these palaces have not survived. Was there an Ottoman palace in Istanbul before the Topkapi Palace?

There was, of course.

Where was this “Old Palace” and what did it look like?According to sources, the Forum was built in the Tauri in the Byzantine period.The Forum Tauri (Taurus Forum) is one of the squares on the “Mese çık, the main street of the Byzantine capital, which leads from the palace to the west. Its present location falls between the gate of Istanbul University, Bayezid Mosque and Süleymaniye Complex. 

Doğan Kuban gives the following information about the location and form of the Old Palace:

The Old Palace, kuzeyinde in the north of the old Tauri Forum, is located in a large area including the central buildings of present-day Istanbul University Beyazit and Suleymaniye, the other on the ruins of the former Byzantine and the first Roman city, overlooking the Harbor and the Bosphorus. It is called the Old Palace and some of its elements remained until the Ministry of War was built in the 19th century.

Here, the Istanbul plateau has an elevation overlooking the Marmara and Golden Horn. Tursun Bey, a close man of the Conqueror and the bookkeeper, describes the Old Palace in Fatih’s History as follows:

‘After the new zoning activities, the edict ordered that a new palace was built for his reign and residence. Against Galata, in the lodges of Kostantiniye Castle, Ayyub-el-En-sari overlooks the grave and the pier (Eminönü Port) and Tophane and the entire Golden Horn, and chose an honorable place for land and sea. A sublime palace was built by the ingenious architects and engineers of Arab and Persian and Greek Cypriots, and with the guidance of his own mature mind, he soon built a beautiful and heartfelt office with beautiful works of art. Every pavilion and pavilion is a heartfelt recipient, and the serenity of the river and the river Kevser will be from there. He had a fortification in this magnificent palace that gave the heart some relief. He built a beautiful castle with triangular and circle towers and dervishes and gates in Turkic and Syphilis style. Between the castle wall and the palace wall, vineyard, garden, garden and rose. It is decorated with fountains, pools and chat stalls. ‘ There is almost no data from this palaceK (Kuban, 2007).

Halil İnalcık gives the translation of Tursun Beg and claims that this palace is the tiled kiosk that is standing today in the last sentence.

Haydaaa… Things got confused.

Translation of İnalcık:

” Decided to build a new palace should reign-du After these reserves. Bringing master architects and engineers from Arab, Persian and Greek to build this palace in a place facing the land and sea to Eyüp graveyard, pier, tophane and harbor to the end of Constantinople fortress, he brought “within a short time with the guidance of self-minded architecture”. palace Neither Iran nor Byzantine registers saw this palace. He had a fortification around the palace. Fucked a castle. Between the fortification of the castle wall and the palace wall and garden and garden and rose. There are fountains and pools and meeting places. He built a ça glazed palace içinde in the style of the former Iranian rulers in the garden (Tiled Pavilion) ”(İnalcık, 2019).

The fact that Sırça Saray is in Iranian style and that today’s Tiled Kiosk is close to Iranian style makes this pairing reliable.

So Kuban is wrong, the description of the palace in Tursun Beg fits the Topkapi Palace.

Raki The Old Palace ünde in a miniature of Matraki Nasuh (Kuban, 2007). 
Kuban calls it the Old Palace, but I don’t know exactly what you mean. 
The structures in the visual looks to me like Topkapi Palace. Especially the city walls and gates. 
In fact, when we look at the map of İnalcık below, it is understood that Matraki’s place cannot be the Old Palace.

It appears that both the location and construction dates of the Old Palace and Topkapi Palace are very close to each other. Then why would two new palaces of the same function be built almost in succession to the conquered new capital?

Hah, this is where the conqueror’s conquest is revealed.

Doğan Kuban says that Fatih initiated the construction of two palaces – that is, both the Old Palace and the Topkapı Palace. That sounds kind of weird. Why would one start two palaces? Perhaps he did not think of either of them as a palace, but of different functions. Was he going to disrupt the functions of the palace, or did he think of someone as a dwelling and a management center? I was obviously not sure of this “startup at the same time” job. In another place, Kuban describes the process as follows:

” After the conquest of Istanbul Fatih delayed arrival, the first time in 1455 and settled in the Old Palace. The construction of the New Palace (Saray-ı Hümayun), which would later be called Topkapı Palace, began after 1455. At that time, “Kal’a-i Sultani” was called the name. This palace was built on the area occupied by the ancient Greek city of Bizantion. The site plan determined by Fatih consisted of three courtyards and an outside garden within the 700-acre area . K (Kuban, 2007).

From this narrative, it seems as if the Old Palace was built quickly between 1453-55 and the construction of Topkapı Palace started in 1455 after it was settled here. That’s weird. Didn’t he like Fatih Old Palace?

Neşri gives the answer to this question… Yes, he didn’t like it. In Neşri History, the event is explained as follows:

“The Old Palace (the University in Bayezid Square today) was turned into a hârem before the construction, pushed the tavattun at the moment , then did not like the land, even a land yapırıb hârem idib in the ali palaces yabup moment taht-gah was idol, who was almost unbelievers in the time Zeytunluk dirlerdi was perfect at the moment İn (İnalcık, 2019).

Inalcik, meanwhile, stated in the footnote that Neşri also transferred this part from Aşıkpaşazade. 

Yeah. I think we can summarize it now:Fatih, immediately after taking Istanbul ordered a palace to be built. The area between the famous gate of today’s Istanbul University and the Süleymaniye Complex is designated as a palace and surrounded by walls. However, Fatih does not like the palace built here and another palace in Sarayburnu, where he lives and governs the state. The old palace is also the residence of the sultans and other relatives of the old sultans, who are generally unwanted to be seen in Topkapı Palace during the period of his standing.Meanwhile, there is no information about the first architects of both palaces. The architect of the Old Palace was probably not praised or appreciated, but his hands, feet and head probably continued his life. Perhaps the construction of the Topkapi Palace may have been given to him. After all, the man experienced in palace architecture… Lastly, ne How long have you told Fatih’s compassion, how did he not like our miniaturists and brought a painter from Italy?… You’re right.

On the false attribution attributed to Mimar Sinan:https://arkeogezi.blogspot.com/2018/07/mimar-sinann-cizmedigi-mimar-sinan.html

Let’s talk briefly about the painter… Since 
Pieter Bruegel’s son is a painter, he is often referred to as old or father Bruegel to be distinguished from him. In some sources, it can also be read as “ue” “ü Alman in German. This great masters E. Gombrich’s The Story of Art is the tremendous work introduces as follows: “

XVI. The greatest Flemish master of the 18th century was Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525? -1569). We know very little about his life. What we know is that, like most northern artists of his time, he went to Italy and lived and worked in Antwerp and Brussels. He painted most of his paintings in the 1560s in Brussels, when the Duke of Alva came to the Netherlands. The reputation of art and the artist was probably as important to him as it was to Dürer or Cellini. (Hep) We all tend to make a common mistake about artists. This is often the mistake of confusing his work with the artist. Dickens, Let’s think of a member of Pickwick’s entertaining surroundings or Jules Verne as a brave explorer and traveler. If Bruegel himself was a peasant himself, he would not have been able to paint these pictures. Certainly he was an urban man and his view of village life was very similar to that of Shakespeare. For Shakespeare, Carpenter Quience and Weaver Bottom were “clowns tür. It was customary to see ignorant country people as a figure of entertainment. I don’t think Shakespeare or Bruegel handled this custom without being polite. But in village life, people exhibit their temper more clearly, and they hide less behind an artificial shell like the gentleman of Hilliard. So when playwrights and artists wanted to show people’s foolishness, they usually chose people from the lower layer ” I don’t think Shakespeare or Bruegel handled this custom without being polite. But in village life, people exhibit their temper more clearly, and they hide less behind an artificial shell like the gentleman of Hilliard. So when playwrights and artists wanted to show people’s foolishness, they usually chose people from the lower layer ” I don’t think Shakespeare or Bruegel handled this custom without being polite. But in village life, people exhibit their temper more clearly, and they hide less behind an artificial shell like the gentleman of Hilliard. So when playwrights and artists wanted to show people’s foolishness, they usually chose people from the lower layer ” (Gombrich, 1999).

Myth, which is the subject of the painting, is very brief: The story of the Res hero ”Ikaros and his father Daidalos is quite long. I have taken the word kahraman hero tırnak into quotes because it is a really vague situation, not to add intellectual air to the text. Anyway, starting from the middle, not the beginning, Daidalos, the first architect / master in Greek mythology, and his son work under the king’s order on the island of Crete. However, after a while, they contradict the king and the king imprisoned the father-son in Labyrinthos, which he had built and which could not go out again. Labyrinthos di Sounds familiar, doesn’t it? I couldn’t get out … Let us hear from the Roman poet Ovidius:Tired of Daedalus from Crete, from long exile, with the 
longing of the ignited homeland. 
The sea blocked him. He said: Minos 
may ban me the land and the Sea, and the sky is clear, but I 
go from there; it is not connected to Minos, like the world, 
He gave himself to an 
unknown art, Help Wished nature, bird feathers lined next to each other. 
From the smallest to the larger. 
Reed in such lengths while making kaval 
are matched to each other, the center of linen with 
the 
ends of the wax joined the ends of the wings after tying slowly 
turned to a bird’s wing, Icarus 
was next to his father, did not know the future destruction.
His forehead was shining, 
caressing the wings of the hands shaking in the air, squeezing the golden yellow wax He would 
delay his father’s 
work with childlike games . It was the last thing to do. 
The master put on two wings, he started to shake in the 
air, and he wore his son in the sky and the sky 
Go between the middle way, keep my word Icarus, he said. 
Deviation from the middle road, heavier wings and 
descend the waters , the sun burns if you rise. 
Fly in a certain region, neither look at Bootis, nor Helis, nor 
Orion with a simple sword. 
Come after me. After saying these things 
Taught to fly, he put on his shoulders the unknown wings. 
He would get wet while your old father cheered,
His hands trembled, he kissed his son one last time, his 
heart trembling in front of his child as he flew. 
At the height of the tree that makes the nest 
to teach their offspring to fly the parent birds, 
their fear of the future will show, are accustomed 
Anxious to art … waving their wings 
was Observing the one hand, the son of Daedalus. 
The fisherman who was fishing with his trembling fishing 
rod , the snuggler based on the stick, the farmer leaning against the sling, 
and his son, Daedalus , were astonished . 
They counted God as two people flying in the sky 
, 
Junos, Samos, Delos, Paros on the left, Lebinthus on the right , and plenty of honey Calymne looked. 
Icarus, 
thrilled with a flight of attacks, left the guide caught fire
Willing to ascend. The sun softened Ties of the 
wings, melted candles, 
Icarus shook his bare shoulders, the 
wings that held him could no longer stand in the air, 
filled with 
blue waters dragged into the mouth of his father . 
Icarus! Icarus! shouted 
unhappy father of a paternal nature . Where are you, in which country? said. 
Icarus saw 
his father respond to the wings above the water, and his art got mixed up, buried his son’s 
wings. It’s called by his name now. 
(Ovidius, Transformations, 8th Book, 183-235)Isn’t it impressive… I would strongly recommend Ovidius’s (Methamorphoses), an important source of Greek and Roman mythology, published by Ismet Zeki Eyuboglu’s translation and wonderful preface.

Some commentators think that this myth is related to the excitement of youth, uncontrollability and perhaps arrogance that can lead to human catastrophe. Neither in the back nor in the front, perhaps this approach can be described in the form of good middle. Or directly, the father will listen to the word as well as a patriarchal commentary who wants to. Of course, the father here represents mastery, maturity, experience,

Going back to the picture…

Let’s start with an annoying anachrony, that is, history error. Our painter Bruegel made a few history mistakes. There is no history of myths, but in general the ancient Greeks think that they lived in the ancient past. Not in Renaissance Europe, no doubt. However, our painter did not refrain from dressing the peasants who had cultivated the land in the painting with their own region and period. In addition, the sailing ship in the sea is also a 16th century sailboat as far away as possible from the ancient Greek ships.

Did he knowingly made these mistakes, didn’t care, did it stem from his ignorance, or was connected with another artistic narrative, open for discussion. Maybe…

Anyways…

After all this, when we try to interpret the picture, we seem to have two roads leading to the opposite direction of each other. The first way glorifies the ordinary people in the painting, the peasants, and the second one.

If we go from the first, we will have to immerse ourselves in the wind of humanism blowing in 16th century Europe. Now is the time of the gods, the divine narratives, the ordinary man, the man who uses his mind, the man who created himself, against the extraordinary deities of the extraordinary world. Man believes in himself. The events in mythology are not very interesting. He continues to live and produce in his real world. Tales are not for him. Ikaros has fallen, Zeus has sent the lightning… He no longer has time to spend on them, he doesn’t even care, even in everyday affairs, they take so little space that Ikarus’s flying into the skies suddenly cannot be overlooked unless we look carefully.

The second way begins with the commentary by Gombrich’s period artists that “when playwrights and artists wanted to show people’s foolishness, they usually chose people from the lower layer.” Perhaps Bruegel wanted to emphasize the extent to which the peasants were fooled by ordinary people, or how much they were aware of “high gibi things such as“ mythology oloji. While one of the most important narratives of Greek mythology takes place right in front of their eyes, they are still worried about plowing, fishing, and feeding animals.

There is another point of view that it may be intended to defeat people. This is another path that departs from road 2. According to this interpretation, the painting emphasizes the direction of the person who closes his eyes to someone else’s pain and does not care. People who don’t care about a young man shouting from the sky and fluttering into the sea. Everyone is so buried in his own business that he doesn’t care about someone else’s pain, even death. This actually takes the picture from the 16th century to modern times. Isn’t one of the greatest weaknesses of modern man being buried in itself? (You know, art criticism can not be made without such cool sentences). I didn’t say it to keep it cool, really. If you don’t believe, ask Nietzsche or something. He will curse with the mouthful of modern man’s devotion. I wonder what Bruegel had in mind when he was painting this… Did he want to glorify people while Icaros was brought down from the cloudy sky to the cold sea? Yeah, after all, let’s look at the picture again and think about the hero in the picture. Icarus or the peasants?

Last but not least, let me end up with three more impressive images of this myth:

Charles Le Brun, 1645. 
Here Diadalos wears wings to his son Ikarus.

Orazio Riminaldi, 1625. 
Here, too, he wears wings to Ikarus, son of Diadalos.

Resources:EH Gombrich, The Story of Art, Remzi, 1999
Ovidius, Transformations, Payel, 1994 
Web1:  https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/landscape-with-the-fall-of-icarus

Shopping; It is called people selling their goods and purchasing those goods by a buyer. In short, shopping is buying and selling. Since there are people all over the world, they have swapped the goods they want to get what they need, and this is the basis of our understanding of shopping today. Women generally love shopping. Shopping is a passion for women, but it is possible to see that men have been shopping as much as women recently.

With the new age, shopping became possible not only by going to the stores but also through many websites. Online shopping or going to the store is your choice, but recently internet shopping has been taking solid steps to overshadow the shopping to the store. The site was established.

It helps people reach overseas shopping sites by offering different options and more affordable prices. Let’s take a look at the sites created for domestic and foreign product exchange.

Sites that can exchange products from abroad

Hepsiburada.com: This site, where you can find all kinds of products you can think of, creates campaigns and tries to allow you to buy products at more affordable prices.

Sahibinden.com: This site, which contains hundreds of real estate and vehicle ads, allows you to contact the product owners without using a vehicle. There are thousands of other sites like Yemeksepeti.com and Kitapyurdu.com.

Sites that can exchange products from abroad

Aliexpress provides product shipping from China. Every product you can think of is sold. But like any foreign shopping site, it takes a long time for the products to arrive.

Amazon: It has a very comprehensive content. Another feature of being the biggest shopping site in the world. Provides product shipping from America.

Geekbuying: Provides electronic product shipment from China. Ebay: This site is the only site that attracts attention with its most remarkable feature and second-hand products. Many products have paid and free shipping options.

Apart from these, there are many product sites, these are the most used and the most known.

Shopping is what we all need and we can meet this need by going to domestic and international websites or stores. Also, overseas shopping sites have benefited greatly for people who cannot go abroad.